深圳市荣轩电子商行

三极管的基本结构是两个反向连结的PN结面，如图1所示，可有pnp和npn 两种组合。三个接出来的端点依序称为发射极（emitter,E）、基极（base,B）和集电极（collector,C），名称来源和它们在三极管操作时的功能有关。图中也显示出 npn与pnp三极管的电路符号，发射极特别被标出，箭号所指的极为n型半导体， 和二极体的符号一致。在没接外加偏压时，两个pn接面都会形成耗尽区，将中性的p型区和n型区隔开。 pnp和npn三极管的结构及其示意图 三极管的电特性和两个pn结面的偏压有关，工作区间也依偏压方式来分类，这里 我们先讨论常用的所谓”正向活性区”（forward active），在此区EB极间的pn接 面维持在正向偏压，而BC极间的pn接面则在反向偏压，通常用作放大器的三极管 都以此方式偏压。图2(a）为一pnp三极管在此偏压区的示意图。EB接面的空乏区由于正向偏压会变窄，载体看到的位障变小，射极的空穴会注入到基极，基极的电子也会注入到射极；而BC接面的耗尽区则会变 宽，载体看到的位障变大， 故本身是不导通的。图2(b）画的是没外加偏压，和偏压在正向活性区两种情形下，空穴和电子的电位能的分布图。三极管和两个反向相接的pn二极管有什么差别呢？其间的不同部分就在于三极管的两个接面相当接近。以上述之偏压在正向活性区之pnp三极管为例， 射极的空穴注入基极的n型中性区，马上被多数载体电子包围遮蔽，然后朝集电极方向扩散，同时也被电子复合。当没有被复合的空穴到达BC接面的耗尽区时，会被此区内的电场加速扫入集电极，空穴在集电极中为多数载体，很快藉由漂移电流到达连结外部的欧姆接点，形成集电极电流IC。IC的大小和BC间反向偏压的大小 关系不大。基极外部仅需提供与注入空穴复合部分的电子流IBrec，与由基极注入 射极的电子流InBE（这部分是三极管作用不需要的部分）。InB E在射极与与电 洞复合，即InB E=IErec。pnp三极管在正向活性区时主要的电流种类可以清楚地 在图3(a）中看出。 3(a) 射极注入基极的空穴流大小是由EB接面间的正向偏压大小来控制，和二极体的情形类似，在启动电压附近，微小的偏压变化，即可造成很大的注入电流变化。更的说，三极管是利用VEB（或VBE）的变化来控制IC，而且提供之IB远比IC小。npn三极管的操作原理和pnp三极管是一样的，只是偏压方向，电流方 向均相反，电子和空穴的角色互易。pnp三极管是利用VEB控制由射极经基极，入射到集电极的空穴，而npn三极管则是利用VBE控制由射极经基极、入射到集电极的电子。三极管在数字电路中的用途其实就是开关，利用电信号使三极管在正向活性区（或饱和区）与截止区间切换，就开关而言，对应开与关的状态，就数字电路而言则代表0与1（或1与0）两个二进位数字。若三极管一直维持偏压在正向活性区，在发射极与基极间微小的电信号（可以是电压或电流）变化，会造成射极与集电极间电流相对上很大的变化，故可用作信号放大器。 LRB551V-30 0215010.MXEP LTST-C150GKT TZY2K450A001ROO PB-5R0V474-R C0805COG202J GR732QR72E333KW01 ACM3225-102-2P-T001 ICVE31186E150R101 SLF12555T-100M3R4 NFM21PC104R1E3D NFM21CC223R1H3D GRM2195C1H103JA01D BLM21AG121SN1D BLM31AF700SN1L NFM21PC105B1A3D MLG0603SR10JT DLP11SN121SL2L DLP11SN900SL2L MEA2010LC220T001 NCMS30C900-TR B39941-B7820-C710 NR3015T4R7M LDB211G9010C-001 NFM51R30P30P307M00-60/T251 LFA20-2A1E473MT LCF20P500-TM PLM250S50T1M00-02 DLW5BSN302Q2L VLCF5020T-470MR40 NFM46P11C155T1M00-03 NFM31SP507X1E4L MFM40P12C223T1M00-54/T251 NFM51R20P207M00-601T251 NFM2012P14C104RT1M00-68 TZW2P450A110T00 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LDC10B150J0836H-323/TA22 LTF1608L-FR2R4H NTH5G1M33B103F04TH XC6411P001NR NFZ31PT222Z1E9L NFM51R00P206M00-60/T251 S-817A30APF-CUTTFG LQH55DN220M03L MEM2012TC470T001 EZAEG2A50AX BD5345G-TR DLM2HGN601SZ3L TR/3216FF2.5-R 以上型号 为现货库存 ，如有需求 请来电